What is Organizational Psychology

Presentation Organizational brain research, otherwise called Industrial brain research yet normally alluded as mechanical authoritative (IO) brain science, is the use of brain science in workplace.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on What is Organizational Psychology? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Borman, Ilgen, and Klimoski, (2003), authoritative brain research is â€Å"simply the application or expansion of mental realities and standards to the issues concerning people working inside the setting of business and industry† (p 4). In work environment, laborers are confronted with various difficulties that if not took care of cautiously, could result to demolition and diminished worker efficiency; thus, influencing the smooth running of an association. Authoritative brain science in this manner manages workers to improve their presentation and eudemonia. Accomplishment of any association relies significantly upon th e prosperity of its laborers and this underlines the grandness of hierarchical brain research in any association. Rudimentary, Organizational brain research looks to improve worker lead and demeanor through preparing plans, recruiting methods and input programs. There is a great deal of examination going on in this field to improve it, improve creation in associations, and address worker issues simultaneously. As indicated by Jex and Britt (2008), investigates in this field incorporate examining nature of the activity being referred to, execution, enlistment forms, preparing, adjusting work and life, initiative training, decent variety, dynamic, self-inspiration, and psychometrics among different controls. Authoritative brain research has taken a long course of development to be the place it is today and this brings up the issue of its evolution.Advertising Looking for research paper on brain science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More Evolution Organizational brain science owes its underlying foundations to famous individual contrasts in some random working environment. No individual is an imitation of the other; in this manner, it gets tedious to assess representatives. This echoes the need of authoritative brain research for it gives principles by which individuals can be surveyed. Despite the fact that prior examinations demonstrated that authoritative brain research set during World War I, flow considers follows this field back to legislative issues of Aristotle. McCarthy (2002) places that, â€Å"Aristotle, created establishments for some cutting edge the board ideas, including specialization of work, appointment of power, departmentalization, decentralization, and initiative selection.† However, the word Organizational or Industrial brain research never existed until 1904, when W.L. Brian utilized this word in his presidential location where he encouraged individuals to examine â€Å"concrete exercises and capacities as the show up in consistently life†¦to set up ‘real life’ uses of a study of psychology† (McCarthy, 2002). Be that as it may, hierarchical brain research blossomed during World War I when Robert Yerkes; an unmistakable analyst, explained the need to screen armed force initiates for cheerful afflictions. In addition, he proposed approaches to spur officers doing battle and this denoted the introduction of knowledge test. Contemporary authoritative brain research is relied on the rules that Yerkes and different clinicians delineated in their insight test. The year 1917 is a significant year throughout the entire existence of authoritative brain science; the primary duplicate of Journal of Applied Psychology was distributed and as McCarthy (2002) calls attention to, this diary â€Å"is still maybe the most regarded, agent diary in I/O field today.† However, the best occasions in this field of brain research were ahead. Between W orld War I and II, Morris Viteles, gave hierarchical brain science a solid footing when he distributed his first book, Industrial Psychology in 1932. After two years, he distributed The Science of Work and from that point forward authoritative brain science has been a typical spot in organizations.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on What is Organizational Psychology? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By late 1950s, inspirational hypotheses had developed which saw the presentation of Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y to clarify the connection among associations and laborers. In 1980s and 1990s, inspiration in work environment had been acknowledged in various workplaces and with the extreme change in innovation, the thought spread rapidly. By mid 1990s, businesses utilized hierarchical brain research to assist representatives with managing worry in working environment and to find some kind of harmony among work and family. Hierarc hical brain research is as yet advancing. This year, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) demonstrated that it would stay with the name regardless of industrious calls to drop the word â€Å"industrial† from it and this is a piece of development. Related Disciplines Organizational brain science contrasts intently and psychometrics and Organizational improvement among different orders. Hierarchical Development (OD) simply like authoritative brain science manages changing employees’ convictions and perspectives to consolidate new innovations to fulfill advertise needs. Nonetheless, while authoritative brain research manages workers just, OD is more extensive enveloping hierarchical structures and arranging. In this manner, distinction among OD and authoritative brain science, lies in the subjects tended to in each order with OD being a more extensive field. Then again, Psychometrics is a unit of authoritative brain research however it comes out as an autonomous field of study. While hierarchical brain science includes different issues like morals, psychometrics manages â€Å"the development of instruments and methodology for estimation; and the turn of events and refinement of hypothetical ways to deal with measurement† (Hunter, 1986, p. 341).Advertising Searching for research paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As previously mentioned, psychometrics lies under authoritative brain science; in any case, they vary in the extent of their investigation with hierarchical brain science managing assorted subjects rather than psychometrics. Word related wellbeing brain research (OHP) is another up and coming field of study. In any case, not at all like association brain science that manages execution and eudemonia, OHP consolidates word related wellbeing, wellbeing brain science, and IO brain research itself. Job of Research and Statistics As examined in the IO brain science advancement, this field has set aside a moderately long effort to be the place it is today. Exploration and insights are the foundation of this consistent turn of events. Through exploration and measurements, specialists utilize proof put together examinations to improve with respect to the current information on IO brain research. To concoct a legitimate and dependable program, say, enlistment program, there must be extreme exa mination to prove its dependability. It is imperative to take note of that, the capacity of IO brain science is to improve execution and this can just come through sound projects. Accordingly, exploration and measurements helps in building up these projects. Furthermore, it is just through exploration and measurements that an examination target can be endorsed as a hypothesis. End Organizational brain research, regularly known as Industrial-Organizational (IO) brain research alludes to use of brain research in working environment. This field looks to improve employees’ execution and eudemonia in working environment. The prosperity of representatives mirrors the prosperity of the association and this clarifies why IO brain research has been a typical spot in associations. IO brain research has experienced a long procedure of development going back to Aristotle’s time. It turned out to be profound established during World War I when Robert Yerkes and different clinicians presented screening armed force enlisted people to recognize mental ailments. By the by, IO brain research is still under development with certain individuals requiring a difference in name to exclude the word â€Å"industrial’ in the name. Exploration and measurements assume a urgent job being developed of IO brain research for these two structures the foundation of productive IO brain research. Different fields like OHP, Psychometrics and OD, are firmly identified with IO brain science despite the fact that they vary on certain standards. Reference List Borman, C., Ilgen, D., Klimoski, J. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Tracker, E. (1986). Subjective Ability, Cognitive Aptitude, Job Knowledge, and Job Performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(1); 340-362. Recovered fromhttps://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ350429 Jex, M., Britt, W. (2008). Authoritative Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approac h. second Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. McCarthy, P. (2002). Brief Outline of the History of I/O Psychology. Recovered from http://capone.mtsu.edu/pmccarth/io_hist.htm This examination paper on What is Organizational Psychology? was composed and put together by client Kynlee M. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES Essay

HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES IT SERVE - Essay Example Since the foundation of this law, China has created from a nation with little reference for outward FDI, to a powerful rising country. The improvement of China’s FDI arrangements can be separated into three stages; the primary stage occurred between 1979 to 1992, the subsequent stage occurred between 1993 to 2001, while the third stage has been progressing since 2002. 1979 to 1992: Special financial zones. During this period, the joint endeavor law was authorized, trailed by various going with laws planned for coordinating the administration and tax collection from the Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs). The underlying four Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were additionally settled and this assumed an exceptionally huge job in empowering the inflow of innovation, administrative aptitude, abilities, and outside venture. The administration of China empowered inflow of outside speculation into the unique financial zones by offering various accommodations and exceptional help in char ges. For instance, the uncommon monetary zones delighted in lower corporate annual duty contrasted with different areas in China and extra assessment occasions along with the FIEs, contrasted with those that the national expense enactment advertised. Zheng (2013) brings up that on the duty impetuses, the administration further separated and excused official and customary techniques, thus diminishing FIEs activity costs further. More SEZs were made, while the underlying three Open Economic Zones were built up in 1985, trailed by others in the years that followed. 1993 to 2001: Transition period. China encountered a development of its outward FDI somewhere in the range of 1992 and 1993 (Zheng, 2013). As this occurred, the administration of China opened more urban areas to the outside world. Segments, for example, money, delivery, land, and household retail where remote venture was recently illegal were opened up to outside financial specialists. In any case, China endured a decrease i n the speculation blast in 1994, because of troublesome macroeconomic conditions, and in spite of the way that the economy started to recoup after this, it again fell because of the 1997 Asian money related emergency. Thusly, FIEs endured absence of productivity, which was additionally exacerbated by the re-inconvenience of materials, gear and hardware obligations in 1995. The obligation inconvenience strategy was rectified in 1997 and outside speculation rules for enterprises were discharged by the state committee in 1995 (Zheng, 2013). This was trailed by division of businesses into illegal, confined, or energized relying upon their FDI status. Steady refreshing of the rules has occurred throughout the years primarily to advance natural assurance, empower asset protection, present cutting edge innovation, and keep up a parity in provincial monetary turn of events (Zheng, 2013). 2002 to introduce: Going worldwide. After China’s acknowledgment into the World Trade Organizatio n, there was an improvement in its internal FDI. This impacted the country in turning into the main goal for remote venture around the world. Moreover, the country has likewise become a requesting wellspring of outward FDI. This has been because of incitement of outward FDI, significant expenses of products, and the fast financial development inside China. Toward the start of the twenty first century, the country presented a

The Bubble Bath Disastrophe (and Other Adventures)

The Bubble Bath Disastrophe (and Other Adventures) Getting Home Instead of flying, my boyfriend Cory and I took a bus from Boston to New York City and another bus from New York to Pennsylvania to visit my family. After we got off the first bus we wandered around a few blocks of New York City for twenty minutes and then arrived at the next bus stop. “There’s our bus.” “You’re kidding me.” “Nope.” It was a large white van with A One Bus Inc written on the side, along with its capacity, 18. The driver sat us in the back, and fit more people into the van as they showed up. Eventually the van was full. A girl came up to the driver, asking to pay in cash for a seat. The driver reached under a seat in the second-to-last row and, like magic, out came a ninteenth seat, without a back or a seatbelt, filling up the aisle. The girl grasped two other seats and sat down on the new low seat. Then a boy came over, also with cash. The driver put his guitar in the trunk. We heard metal clanking and we laughed, wondering if he’d conjure up another seat in the trunk and the boy would ride with our luggage. But no! Out came a preschool-sized folding chair (“Does that have a seatbelt?”) which he fit in the aisle in front of the first fold-out seat. Here’s the view from my seat in the last row, and then some of us in front of the bus outside a gas station. The folding chair appears outside the bus on the right and under the man in the orange hoodie on the left. In the end there were two of us in the first row, including the driver, three in each of the next two rows, four in the fourth row, including the folding chair, four in the fifth row, including the fold-out seat, and four in the back row, including me and Cory. It was stuffy, hot, and too cramped for elbow space. It was extra sweet when we started passing rivers and forests, the mountains began to part for towns ending in ville and burg, and I could count down the miles to home. I live in State College, PA, which makes up the bulk of Happy Valley, part of which is called Pleasant Gap. The town revolves around Penn State, is surrounded by farms, and is said to be growing into a small city. Purple mountains shelter us on all sides (from cell phone signal, sometimes), much like the university shields us from the recession and a sea of red shelters our tiny blue dot come November. There is almost no crime, everything is 15 minutes away, and the grass seems to stay green year round. The place radiates energy and optimism. Coming home, for me, is hiking, canoeing, and then a warm, soft bed, a quiet night, and waking up to birds singing and the rain bubbling on the sidewalk. My family is like my battery: seeing them leaves me enthusiastic about my classes and the people around me and optimistic about the future. I spent spring break recharging with my parents, hiking some favorite paths, getting a lot of sleep and amazing food, and playing monopoly and stuffed animals with my brother and my boyfriend. Here are two highlights: a momentous bubble bath and some amazing people on the Colbert Report. The Bubble Bath The day after I got home my bother achieved every child’s greatest fantasy. After our second day hiking in the rain he immediately ran upstairs to take a hot bath. Half an hour later there were bubbles filling the bathtub, bubbles climbing up the walls, and bubbles knee-high on the floor. You know you’re jealous. Here’s what it looked like after the first round of clean-up: Cleaning up was incredibly fun, like living a childish yet intellectually stimulating dream. We quickly discovered that trying to squash the bubbles only created more bubbles. Cory drained and refilled the bathtub to slowly lower the concentration of soap until there were no more bubbles. Meanwhile I took care of the floor and the walls. The culprit, in case anyone wants to replicate our experiment, was “just a few drops” of Tone Tahitian Vanilla and Orchid Body Wash. The Colbert Report I’ve been interested in sex determination and sex chromosome evolution since my senior year of high school, when I was lucky to be introduced to genomics by Dr. Kateryna Makova. After a year in the Makova lab at Penn State I returned to the same field at MIT, where I’ve been working as a UROP at the Page lab. On March 26th, our PI, Dr. David Page, appeared on the Colbert Report to defend the honor of the Y chromosome. The story starts hundreds of millions of years ago. The X and Y chromosomes originated as identical autosomes, non-sex chromosomes. After they split, the X chromosome continued evolving at about the same rate as other autosomes; the Y chromosome, on the other hand, began shrinking and losing genes. Some people speculated that the trend would continue, and that within 10 million years the Y chromosome would disappear completely. Would a new set of sex chromosomes replace the X and the Y? Would we split into new humanoid species? Would men disappear? To settle the debate, the Page lab sequenced the Y chromosome of the rhesus monkey and compared it with ours, discovering that while the Y chromosome degenerated rapidly after its split with the X, it has been relatively stable since the human-rhesus split, 25 million years ago. Here is Dr. David Page explaining the conclusions on the Colbert Report: The Colbert Report Mon Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c David Page www.colbertnation.com Colbert Report Full Episodes Political Humor Satire Blog Video Archive For a more detailed account, read the full paper here. On a related but less serious note, I found out this morning that the Tacocopter, invented by the super amazing MIT alum Star Simpson, along with Dustin Boyer and MIT alum Scott Torborg, also recently found its way to the Colbert Report. Check it out. Other diversions this spring break included putting my phone through our washing machine’s 57-minute cold cycle (extra rinse, extra spin; it lives!); buying and planting a five-and-a-half-foot-tall heartthrob dogwood tree, which will bloom in June, for my mom’s birthday, which will happen in April; and running every evening with my dad, who runs five to ten kilometers every day, barefoot, rain or shine, in temperatures above 27 degrees Fahrenheit. I learned how to spell cumulonimbus, in preparation for my brother’s spelling test, and I learned how to cook things that are not cereal, in preparation for surviving the rest of this semester. As always, it was good to be home.

Avoiding Prompt Dependency

A serious problem for special educators can be to create prompt dependence. In the effort to teach new skills we can create new barriers to success and independence by creating prompt dependence, where a student is unable to work without the application of prompting. The Continuum of Prompting Prompting lies on a continuum from Most to Least, or Least to Most. Most prompts are those which are the most invasive, the full physical prompt. From a full physical prompt, prompting progresses to partial physical prompts (tapping an elbow) and then through verbal prompting and gestural prompting. Professionals make decisions about how best to employ prompting, usually judging the ability of the student. Some students, who are able to imitate, should probably be taught a new activity by modeling with a minimum of prompting. Prompts are intended to be faded, or removed, so that the child can perform the new skill independently. Thats why verbal is in the middle of the continuum, since they can often be harder to fade than gestural prompts. In fact, all too often prompt dependence begins with constant verbal directions teachers give children. The opposite problem can happen as well, as children get tired of constant verbal nagging from significant adults. Plan Your Prompting If students have receptive language and have a history of responding to verbal directions, you will want to plan a least to most prompting protocol. You want to teach or model the activity, give the spoken directive, and then attempt a gestural prompt, such as pointing. If that does not elicit the response/behavior that you wanted, you would progress to the next level, which would be gestural and verbal, Pick up the ball (while pointing to the ball.) At the same time, your teaching may be part of a forward or backward chain, depending on the skill and the skill level of your student. Whether you forward chain ​or backward chain will depend as well on whether you anticipate that your student will succeed best at the first or last step. If you are teaching a child to make pancakes in an electric skillet, you may want to backward chain, and make removing the pancake from the pan the first step you teach, since the reinforcement (eating the pancake) is close at hand. In the same way, planning your task analysis and chaining strategy to guarantee success is a great way to avoid prompt dependency. Children with poor or not receptive language, who dont respond, will need to be prompted most to least starting with full physical prompting, such as hand over hand prompting. There is greater danger of creating prompt dependency when you start at this level. It would probably be good to vary activities, so the student does tasks he or she has mastered interspersed with activities that they are learning. In this way, they are completing unprompted activities while at the same time working on new skills. Fading Fading is planned withdrawal of prompting in order to avoid prompt dependency. Once you have seen the child provide a decent approximation of the behavior or activity you want, you should start withdrawing the prompt . . . perhaps moving to a partial physical prompt (touching the childs hand, rather than a full physical, hand over hand prompt) or to a verbal prompt, paired with re-modeling the activity. Quickly pulling back from the most invasive prompting as quickly as possible is probably one of the most important strategies in avoiding prompt dependency. It means accepting an approximation and moving on, rather than spending too much tie on a single repeated activity. The key, then, is to: Plan your prompting.Mix mastered skills with new skills,Accept approximations of the behavior and start withdrawing prompting andFade as soon as you can.

Tender is the Night Quotes

Tender is the Night is a famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The work details the life and deterioration of Dr. Dick Diver, who falls in love with a mental patient. This novel was considered a failure at the time of its publication, but it is one of Fitzgeralds most important works. Here are a few quotes.​ Tender is the Night a bald man in a monocle and a pair of tights, his tufted chest thrown out, his brash navel sucked in, was regarding her attentively.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 1 so that while Rosemary was a simple child she was protected by a double sheath of her mothers armor and her own - she had a mature distrust of the trivial, the facile and the vulgar.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 3 Youre the only girl Ive seen for a very long time that actually did look like something blooming.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 4 so green and cool that the leaves and petals were curled with tender damp.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Chapter 6 he opened the gate to his amusing world. So long as they subscribed to it completely, their happiness was his preoccupation, bit at the fist flicker of doubt as to its all-inclusiveness he evaporated before their eyes, leaving little communicable memory of what he had said or done.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 6 the moment when the guests had been daringly lifted above conviviality into the rarer atmosphere of sentiment, was over before it could be irreverently breathed before they had half realized it was there.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 7 the too obvious appeal, the struggle with an unrehearsed scene and unfamiliar words.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 8 of course its done at a certain sacrifice - sometimes they seem just rather charming figures in a ballet, and worth the attention you five a ballet, but its more than that - youd have to know the story. Anyhow Tommy is one of those men that Dicks passed along to Nicole. Book 1,- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Ch. 10 She illustrated very simple principles, containing in herself her own doom, but illustrated them so accurately that there was grace in the procedure, and presently Rosemary would try to imitate it.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 12 Indeed, he had made a quick study of the whole affair, simplifying it always until it bore a faint resemblance to one of his own parties.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 13 He knew that there was passion there, but there was no shadow of it in her eyes or on her mouth; there was a faint spray of champagne on her breath. She clung nearer desperately and once more he kissed her and was chilled by the innocence of her kiss, by the glance that at the moment of contact looked beyond him out into the darkness of the night, the darkness of the world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 15 The enthusiasm, the selflessness behind the whole performance ravished her, the technic of moving many varied types, each as immobile, as dependent on supplies of attention as an infantry battalion as dependent on rations, appeared so effortless that he still had pieces of his own most personal self for everyone.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 18 the shots had entered into all their lives: echoes of violence followed them out onto the pavement where two porters held a post-mortem beside them as they waited for a taxi.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 19 made an exit that she had learned young, and on which no director had ever tried to improve.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 25 And Lucky Dick cant be one of those clever men; he must be less intact, even faintly destroyed. If life wont do it for him its not a substitute to get a disease, or a broken heart, or an inferiority complex, though itd be nice to build out some broken side till it was better than the original structure.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 1 They said that you are a doctor, but so long as you are a cat it is different. My head aches so, so excuse this walking there like an ordinary with a white cat will explain, I think.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 I am slowly coming back to life... I wish someone were in love with me like boys were ages ago before I was sick. I suppose it will be years, though, before I could think of anything like that.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 We were just like lovers--and then all at once we were lovers--and ten minutes after it happened I could have shot myself--except I guess Im such a Goddamned degenerate I didnt have the nerve to do it. Book 2, Ch. 3 God, am I like the rest after all?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 4 The weakness of the profession is its attraction for the man a little crippled and broken.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 6 Nicoles world had fallen to pieces, but it was only a flimsy and scarcely created world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 7 the delight on Nicoles face--to be a feather again instead of a plummet, to float and not to drag.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 8 And if I dont know youre the most attractive man I ever met you must think I am still crazy.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2 Its my hard luck, all right--but dont pretend that I dont know--I know everything about you and me.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 9 As an indifference cherished, or left to atrophy, becomes an emptiness, to this extent he had learned to become empty of Nicole, serving her against his will with negations and emotional neglect.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 11 Here are more quotes from Tender is the Night, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. We own you, and youll admit it sooner or later. It is absurd to keep up the pretense of independence.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 Good manners are an admission that everybody is so tender that they have to be handled with gloves. Now, human respect--you dont call a man a coward or a liar lightly, but if you spend your life sparing peoples feelings and feeding their vanity, you get so you cant distinguish what should be respected in them.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 England was like a rich man after a disastrous orgy who makes up to the household by chatting with them individually, when it is obvious to them that he is only trying to get back his self-respect in order to usurp his former power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 16 Good-by, my father--good-by, all my fathers.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 19 she only cherishes her illness as an instrument of power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 1 There was some element of loneliness involved--so easy to be loved--so hard to love.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 to explain, to patch--these were not natural functions at their age--better to continue with the cracked echo of an old truth in the ears.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 Not without desperation he had long felt the ethics of his profession dissolving into a lifeless mass.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 3 If Europe ever goes Bolshevik shell turn up as the bride of Stalin.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 4 We cant go on like this--or can we?....What do you think?... Some of the time I think its my fault--Ive ruined you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 5 She was somewhat shocked at the idea of being interested in another man--but other women have lovers--why not me?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 If she need not, in her spirit, be forever one with Dick as he had appeared last night, she must be something in addition, not just an image on his mind, condemned to endless parades around the circumference of a medal.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 So delicately balanced was she between an old foothold that had always guaranteed her security, and the imminence of a leap from which she might alight changed in the very chemistry of blood and muscle, that she did not dare bring the matter into the true forefront of consciousness.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Hes not received anywhere anymore.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Either you think--or else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize and sterilize you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 No, Im not really--Im just a--Im just a whole lot of different simple people.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Everything Tommy said became part of her forever.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Tangled with love in the moonlight she welcomed the anarchy of her lover.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Then why did you come, Nicole? I cant do anything for you anymore. Im trying to save myself.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 9 I have never seen women like this sort of women. I have known many of the great courtesans of the world, and for them I have much respect often, but women like these women I have never seen before.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 10 You dont understand Nicole. You treat her always as a patient because she was once sick.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 11 When people are taken out of their depths they lose their heads, no matter how charming a bluff they put up.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 12

Honour Is Shakespeare’s “Much Ado About Nothing” Free Essays

When we look closely at the romance of Beatrice and Benedick, we see the problems that a rational lover has in putting aside his concept of honour in order to love a woman and Shakespeare cleverly contrasts this relationship with our idealistic lover Claudio, who is incapable of rejecting the restrictions that honour places on a man. In a parallel construction we see through the relationship that the boorish Claudio has with the docile Hero that for love to flourish it must reject chivalric notions of honour. The social hierarchy of Messina, is a very class conscious one and being witty is almost a full time occupation for many of its inhabitants. We will write a custom essay sample on Honour Is Shakespeare’s â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Playing practical jokes and tricks upon each other is a subtle way of maintaining the strict codes of conduct and among the most successful and benevolent of the deceptions practised are the parallel practical jokes played on Beatrice and Benedick in order to trick each of them into admitting their love for one another. In their first encounter, we see Beatrice and Benedick using their superior intellects to ridicule each other. Benedick warns her to ‘keep her ladyship’ and she lashes back with insults around his physicality suggesting that he is so ugly that ‘scratching his face could not make it worse’. Benedick uses his wit to shield himself from her barbs, hiding his true feelings and pretending to enjoy his bachelor existence when actually it is a mechanism for his safety. Benedick presents one face to the world in order to be accepted by the society that judges him and it is this society that acknowledges his wit, but underpinning Benedick’s wit is his distaste for the superficial values that Messinian society is built upon. His ironic attitude towards both himself and the world he is held captive by is apparent in his soliloquy, where he weighs up the discrepancy between how the world sees him and how he sees himself. The repartee between Beatrice and Benedick is sometimes blunt and crude, sometimes elaborate and self conscious. Puns, similes, metaphors, and paradoxes are all brought into play in their continual game of mutual insults and it is this aggressive verbal battle which pushes Beatrice and Benedick to the foreground of the play. Being in love is a game for fools and Benedick vows to never be ‘such a fool’. Benedick persuades himself that by staying away from Beatrice and denying himself any notions of marriage, he is a confirmed misogymist, that he is the stronger individual and has control over his life instead of living for another human being and risking becoming a hopelessly ‘in love’ lover. Benedick views women in society as somehow predatory, wanting to ‘capture’ a man and contain him in marriage, only to torture him with subsequent betrayal. However when faced with a woman such as Beatrice, who proclaims herself equally contemptuous of marria ge and for the same reasons, Benedick’s role begins to fall apart, which is where Benedick faces the biggest battle in his life, as he fights to hold on to his notions of male honour. But no matter how hard he tries he cannot frame for himself a separate language of love and as a result he and Beatrice construct a loving relationship which is as much of a sparring match as their enmity, once Benedick gives up his notions of male honour. In stark contrast to Benedick and Beatrice, Shakespeare’s ideal lovers, Claudio and Hero, ‘believe’ they are in love with each other, but we quickly see that when put to the test this love is superficial and lacks the true acknowledgement of each other’s individuality needed to sustain it. Their love for each other, although seemingly sincere, dissipates at the first obstacle and doubt sees one quick to accuse the other of adultery. For Beatrice and Benedick however, their jokes are the means whereby they can resist the kind of love-relationship exemplified by Hero and Claudio. In the end the ‘happy-ending’ which sees Hero married off to Claudio is one fraught with contradictions, for this conventional relationship, founded as it is on romantic love, which they exemplify, has been severely satirised by Shakespeare. By presenting the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick as real and not idealistic, we see the fragility of an idealised, romantic love such as the one Claudio has with Hero and its tendency to collapse into loathing and disgust becomes all too apparent. Appropriately the play ends not with Claudio and Hero whose strict adherence to an unbending code of honour temporarily fragments their relationship, but with Beatrice and Benedick who overcome both the male code of honour and society’s expectations to love and accept each other for their individual selves. There is a relationship built on mutual trust, respect and acceptance and proof that Love must be truthful to be sustained. How to cite Honour Is Shakespeare’s â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing†, Papers

Brand Management Rolls Royce Company - Free Case Study

Question: 1. Identifies the main elements that shape the current personality of the brand.Assessing the current brand strategy, focusing on the organisations approach tocreating a competitive positioning for the product/service and maximising brand.2. Sets out your analysis of the potential weaknesses of the existing strategy andidentifies the brand strategy you would recommend to address these weaknesses. Answer: Introduction Businesses look for achieving higher level of growth and development over their performance and they adapt various major strategies and initiatives aimed at achieving success over it. An important factor that is essential to consider by businesses is mainly the brand management. Brand management is an important activity that involves differentiating a product or service or an entire company from that of its competitors. This involves the application of appropriate strategy so that a unique personality can be created that becomes highly appealing to customers. Brand management is concerned with creating a distinctive image so that it can be easily identified from a range of products as offered by competitors. There are different companies offering similar products to its customers which make it often difficult to customers in identifying the best possible products. The creation of a separate brand image is crucial in this context as it allows the customers in easily tracking the speci fic companys product from large range of choices as available to them. This suggests that brand management has been highly important to businesses from the point of view of allowing its customers in distinctively identifying it from large range of choices as available to them. This report is aimed at performing a critical analysis of brand management as carried out especially in respect to Rolls Royce. The analysis in particular focuses towards identifying the main elements that shapes the current personality of the brand and it also assesses the current branding strategy that has been applied by Rolls Royce in creating competitive position for its offerings within the brands as available in the market. Based on the analysis of the current branding strategy, the weakness of the existing branding strategy would be identified and appropriate brand strategy would be recommended for achieving improvements. Background about Rolls Royce An analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that it is a car making company that specialises in producing high quality premium class cars for its consumers worldwide. The company has its headquarter in Sussex Downs at Goodwood, UK. An analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that the company is shaped by the vision of world renowned architect Sir Bicholas Grimshaw. The workplace conditions that have been provided as Rolls Royce has been highly inspiring to everyone working within the company and encourages the designing and development of latest technology modern cars so as to create a distinctive image within the car providers in the market. The challenge behind building the first new Rolls Royce car in the 21st century is mainly to build the best car in the world. However, the case analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that there are significant numbers of such models that have been introduced by the company aimed at revolutionising the entire car industry in particular. There are various such brand ed models as produced by Rolls Royce and this includes Phantom, Ghost and Wraith. These are the most significant brands of Rolls Royce in creating a separate identity in the markets. Main Brand Elements that Shapes Current Personality of Rolls Royce An analysis of Rolls Royce in particular indicates that it is most fascinating and well known brand in the world and it defines the luxury factor in the car industry. The company has been engaged in the production of cars for more than 100 years, and it is distinctively identified within its customers for the features such as outstanding engineering capabilities and reliability and quality in its offerings. There are various such elements that shapes the current personality of the brand and these brand elements are discussed as follows: Brand Position: This has been the most crucial element that shapes the personality of Rolls Royce completely within its target customers. The brand position indicates about the organisation and tells important questions such as what a brand does and for whom, what unique value it provides to its customers, and also the differentiating factors that it offers to its customers. In this context, an analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that the brand is being positioned as ultra luxurious brand in the car industry that accounts for meeting out the customised needs of high profile customers. As described by the carmaker that its target customer includes those people having a net worth of $30 million and posses five to six other luxurious cars. The unique value as offered by Rolls Royce indicates that the company is renowned for its integrity, reliability and innovation. These aspects are integrated within its offerings which allow it in providing a luxurious experience and comfort to its cust omers (Rolls Royce Values and Culture, 2015). Brand Promise: This has been another important element of branding strategy and it indicates that the organisation promises the delivery of single most important thing every time to its customers. This particular element is also evident in respect to Rolls Royce that helps significantly in shaping the current personality as being the provider of luxurious and highly expensive cars to its customers. An analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that the company promises to deliver ultra quality cars that rank significantly higher on comfort and the association of luxury factor. These important elements are evident in respect to all the major cars brands such as Phantom, Ghost, Wraith etc within its customers (McCarthy, 2013). The current brand promise of the company is identified as trusted to deliver excellence and this requires everyone within Rolls Royce to be trusted with respect to their role in organisation. Brand Personality: Brand personality indicates about the factor that the organisation wants its brand to be known for. As in respect to Rolls Royce, the most significant factor that can be described as the personality of the brand is mainly its focus towards ultra premium quality. The brand is made for ultra luxurious people that want to enjoy a distinctive image and maintains their personality as that of high profile people (Soehadi, 2003). Brand Story: This important brand element indicates about the history of the organisation in terms of its performance in the past in maintaining current image within its customers. An analysis of the case of Rolls Royce indicates that the car maker is known for having a strong history that supports the luxury factor. The organisation is positively involved in performing the manufacturing of luxury cars and aimed at meeting out the customised needs and requirements of ultra luxurious customers since its evolution. The customers of Rolls Royce have the expectations of achieving exclusivity from its offerings, and this has been positively satisfied by the Rolls Royce brand (Torrance, 2015). Brand Association: Brand association can be defined as specific physical artifacts that make up the brand. It can be defined as logo, colour, taglines of the brand. An analysis of the case of Rolls Royce indicates that there are specific taglines and slogans that have been utilised by the car maker in positioning its brand image as the provider of high quality and premium class luxury cars. Some of these taglines include The best car in the world, Trusted to deliver excellence, Design without Compromise, At 60 miles an hour, the loudest noise in the Rolls Royce comes from the electric clock. These specific taglines defined the personality of Rolls Royce within its customers (Rolls Royce Motor Car, 2014). An analysis above has indicated about different important elements of brand personality as applicable in the context of Rolls Royce and they differentiate the current personality of the brand in a positive way towards luxury provider of quality cars in the world. Current Brand Strategy in Creating Competitive Positioning The above analysis has indicated about the important elements of Rolls Royce brand strategy that has allowed the organisation in creating a distinctive personality within their target customers. This section of analysis is now focused towards performing a critical assessment of the current brand strategy that has been applied by Rolls Royce brand in creating competitive positioning within its target market. The branding strategy analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that the company continues to promote itself as the luxurious maker of quality cars. The company has the rich tradition of being the provider of superior quality cars, and it continues its branding strategy upon such quality and innovative factors in satisfying the needs and requirements of its customers in a positive way. Rolls Royce provides its customers with cars that are renowned for their supreme quality factor, exquisiteness and attention towards finest details in its models. The designing and development of its car mo dels such as Phantom, Ghost, and Wraith is performed by keeping this branding strategy of supreme quality which satisfies the companys long lasting richly traditional history (Rolls Royce, 2015). The branding strategy effectiveness in respect to Rolls Royce is evident from the fact that the company has been successful in building up positive brand image which in turn results into the maintenance of leadership position by the company in the industry. An analysis indicates that Rolls Royce reaffirms the leadership position in the industry especially in respect to super luxury market segment for the fourth successive history record. This indicates the higher level of acceptance of Rolls Royce brand within customers, as higher profitability performance has been possible because of increasing level of demands for Rolls Royce cars within its customers. In terms of branding effectiveness, the motor company has been successful in maintaining the position of worlds leading super luxury automobile. Such leadership position has been reaffirmed by Rolls Royce at Pinnacle of British Luxury Goods Manufacturing (Rolls Royce, 2015). Thus, the analysis above has indicated that the car selling company has focused especially towards positioning it as the luxury provider of quality cars. According to DinWoodie and Janis (2008), there are various such factors that shapes customer perception towards a particular brand and these are mainly identified as product experiences, quality of the products, pricing factor, placements and advertising etc. These particular factors need to be efficiently satisfied in order to ensure that the brand is positioned effectively within its target customers. The case analysis of Rolls Royce indicates that its specific focus towards the attainment of leadership especially in respect to premium quality cars has allowed it in achieving distinctive position within its target customer groups as being the leader in the industry. The company has specifically focused towards offering luxury cars by offering specific features such as comfort, luxury, association of premium quality and many more. The pricing strategy for Rolls Royce car has designed with a view to cater to the needs of rich class people (Rolls Royce, 2015). Overall, the positioning strategy has been carried out by the company in a manner that best matches with the brand image that has been developed by Rolls Royce over the years. By way of targeting the premium class customers, Rolls Royce has been successful in maintaining the leadership position especially in the segment of offering high quality cars to its customers. The organisation competes on the factors of quality, innovation and technology as these aspects are clearly evident in respect to the specific models as offered by Rolls Royce such as Phantom, Ghost and Wraith. Potential Weaknesses of the Existing Branding Strategy A critical analysis has been performed in respect to the branding strategy that has been considered by Rolls Royce brand in performing its branding. On the basis of performance of analysis, significant level of findings has been achieved with regard to the specific branding strategy in promoting its cars by the company. However, there are certain major positive points and certain weaknesses that are evident in respect to the branding strategy of the company. This section of analysis is focused towards performing a critical analysis of the weaknesses that are evident in respect to the branding strategy of Rolls Royce so that there could be efficient recommendations that could be possible in enhancing the overall branding performance of the company. According to Shankar, Carpenter and Hamilton (2012) branding strategy of an organisation should be such that it positively affects the customer perception towards the brand as offered by the company. In respect to Rolls Royce, its analysis indicated that the company has been successful in positioning itself as the provider of superior quality branded products, but there are certain other ground whereby its branding strategy has been lacking in sufficiently catering to the needs and requirement of its customers. As for instance, in respect to advertisements, there has been little over focus of Rolls Royce in promoting its brand within the target customers. Consumer brand perception is also shaped adequately through the word of mouth communication which has also been lacking in respect to Rolls Royce because the target customers that uses its cars are belong to high profile groups, and they do not normally shares the effectiveness of their products with others (Dinwoodie and Janis, 200 8). Thus, the area involving the promotion of brand image is significantly lacking in respect to Rolls Royce and this requires adequate level of attention. Apart from the above indicated weakness, another crucial weakness as noted in respect to the branding strategy of Rolls Royce is mainly the approach that has been considered by the company in branding its products and services. The branding approach as followed by the company is highly specific and narrow based, as the company has given attention especially towards comfort factor and also towards providing cars that makes less noise out of it. The quality strategy is therefore driven by these factors of comfort and premium price for the products, but the other major areas have been ignored. As for instance, it is highly essential that there should be competitors strategy that should be integrated within the products and services as offered by the organisation. However, the major competitor of Rolls Royce i.e. Ferraris strategy has not been considered by the company which may create problems to it in maintaining its own separate identity (Sengupta, 2005). The brand promise as analysed in respect to Rolls Royce implies that Rolls Royce positioned itself as trusted to deliver excellence. This implies that the company is required to maintain excellence with respect to the processes that are being carried out within it, and till date, it has been able to provide excellence in its offerings of large range of car models. However, a major limitation as identified in this context can be in terms of sustaining its brand promise that it made to customers. There could be chances whereby the company would fail to recognise the customer requests or there may be quality issues because of inefficient technological systems as utilised by it. As a result of this, this poses significant level of risks over maintaining the brand promise of the company. In order to fulfil the brand promise, it is highly essential that there should be excellence that should be achieved with respect to the products and services as offered by the company. This particular br and promise exposes the company to higher level of risks from its operations (Nagel, 2010). Another major weakness of this strategy is that Rolls Royce has to serve only a single particular segment with its branded high quality cars mainly because of the fact that it has positioned itself as catering to the needs and requirements of its premium class luxury customers. The market for low priced cars has also been significant but with this branding strategy as considered by Rolls Royce, there has been higher level of limitations being identified in respect to the company in targeting the lower end customer groups. They have to be highly focused towards meeting out the needs and requirements of such distinctive market segment that has been selected for their car. Further, Rolls Royce become a provider of supreme quality cars and its branding strategy needs to be highly effective in ensuring that the target customers are efficiently encouraged to become its customers. There has been higher level of pressure that is likely over the company in performing its operations in a posit ive manner (Sagar, 2009). Overall, the analysis above has indicated about the problems that are evident in respect to the performance of Rolls Royces branding strategy. The company has although achieved higher level of success and effectiveness in its performance levels with respect to the brand positioning that it has undertaken over years, but the main weakness is evident especially in respect to maintaining the continuity with respect to its performance. Recommendations for Achieving Effectiveness in its Branding Strategy The entire analysis as performed above has indicated that there is a need to ensure the management of efficient branding by businesses, but at the same time, there are various important factors that are required to be considered by them so that the requisite level of brand strategic management can be maintained. An analysis of the case of Rolls Royce as performed above has indicated significant level of findings with respect to the branding strategy that has been adopted by the company, and it has also indicated about the limitations that have been faced by Rolls Royce in its branding strategy. In order to achieve improvement in its branding strategy, the following recommendations are considered essential: 1. On the basis of analysis as carried out above, it is recommended that Rolls Royce should consider the adaptation of separate strategy aimed at achieving higher level of improvements in its performance. The company has inefficient advertising and promotional strategy at present and it is therefore essential that there should be adequate level of awareness created within its target customers regarding the specific branding strategy that has been followed by the organisation. As a result, efficient level of promotion of premium quality feature as offered by Rolls Royce is essential within its target customers (Meister, 2012). 2. In addition to the above major recommendation, it is also highly recommended that the organisation should encourage its customers in involving themselves into word of mouth communication so that the brand image can be positively created with large target audiences. The people within the social networks can be encouraged to create desire in purchasing Rolls Royce cars in achieving higher level of satisfaction (Keller, Apria and Georgson, 2008). 3. Thirdly, it is recommended that the branding approach that should be followed by an organisation should be broader enough to equip necessary changes in the strategy as pursued by the company. An analysis of the given case of Rolls Royce indicates that the branding strategy has been highly narrowed down especially in focusing towards satisfying the needs and requirements of premium class customers. There has not been any provision being made in respect to satisfying the requirements of lower or middle end customer groups which represents a larger market segment. As a result, it is recommended that the branding strategy of the organisation should be such that it offers adequate level of scope in catering to the needs and requirements of larger customer database (Budelmann, Kim and Wozniak, 2010). 4. Finally, it is also recommended to Rolls Royce that it should consider the maintenance of successful branding strategy of targeting the ultra premium class and at the same time, the important elements of the competitors branding strategy should also be considered so that customers could be provided with high quality offerings to their customers (Dhar, 2007). The above indicated recommendations are important from the point of view of maintaining unique and distinctive brand image in front of their customers and thereby in achieving positive level of growth and success in its operations. Conclusion This report involved the performance of critical analysis with regard to the branding strategy as adopted by Rolls Royce. An analysis as carried out has indicated that Rolls Royce is a car manufacturing company that accounts for providing premium category cars to its customers. The cars as offered by company are aimed at serving the needs and requirements of ultra premium class customers. The branding strategy has been assessed through examining the important brand elements of the company which includes brand promise, brand personality, brand association, brand story etc and the performance of analysis has indicated that Rolls Royse has positioned itself as the provider of supreme quality cars to its customers. The cars as produced by the company are aimed at satisfying the needs and requirements of its specific customers which belong to high end premium class customer groups. The brand strategy is although identified as effective, yet there are certain major weaknesses that have als o been identified in respect to such branding strategy that has been considered by Rolls Royce. As a result, there are important recommendations that have been provided in achieving improvement over positioning itself as the most prominent brand that focuses specifically towards the quality factor. Rolls Royce is required to make it sure that it continues to perform consistently over its focus towards premium class factor so that it can continue to create positive image over its customers. References Budelmann, K., Kim, Y. and Wozniak, C. (2010), Essential Elements for Brand Identity: 100 Principles for Designing Logos and Building Brands, Rockport Publishers. Dinwoodie, G.B. and Janis, M.D. (2008), Trademark Law and Theory: A Handbook of Contemporary Research, Edward Elgar Publishing. Dhar, M. (2007). Brand Management 101: 101 Lessons from Real-World Marketing. John Wiley Sons. Keller, K.L., Apria, T. and Georgson, M. (2008), Strategic Brand Management: A European Perspective, Prentice Hall Financial Times. McCarthy, J. (2013). 95pc of Rolls-Royce vehicles received bespoke elements in 2013. Meister, S. (2012). Brand Communities for Fast Moving Consumer Goods: An Empirical Study of Members Behavior and the Economic Relevance for the Marketer. Springer. Nagel, S. (2010). Analysis of value, image and positioning of a brand: An analysis of the brand Apple in Regard to the VIP-Criteria. GRIN Verlag. Rolls Royce Values and Culture, (2015). Rolls Royce Motor Car, (2014). Soehadi, J. (2003). Brand personality is key element in marketing expensive cars. Sagar, M. (2009). Brand Management. Ane Books Pvt Ltd. Sengupta, S. (2005). Brand Positioning: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Torrance, J. (2015). Rolls-Royce revs up record year as customers demand exclusivity.

Human Computer Interaction Essay Example

Human Computer Interaction Essay The study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. †¢What is HCI? â€Å"Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them† (ACM SIGCHI definition of HCI). †¢Creating usable systems (1) †¢ †¢HCI investigates interaction between †¢Human (1 user, a group, sequence of users) Computer (any computer big or small, process control, embedded, etc) †¢ †¢used to perform various tasks †¢ †¢in particular environments. †¢ †¢ †¢Creating usable systems (2) †¢The human factors †¦ †¢ †¢different users †¢different conceptions or mental models about their interactions †¢different ways of learning, keeping knowledge and skills †¢cultural and national differenc es †¢user preferences change as they gradually master new interfaces †¢Creating usable systems (3) †¢The computer factor †¦ †¢ †¢different devices †¢Smart phones, Touch Screen Kiosks, †¦ †¢different capabilities and limitations Computing power, Input/output devices, †¦ †¢different operating systems †¢user interface technology is changing rapidly †¢it offers new interaction possibilities to which previous research findings may not apply †¢Visual, Tactile, Gesture based, †¦Also read about  Knowledge of PC boot process†¢Creating usable systems (4) †¢What about the interaction? †¢ †¢Communication between user and computer †¢ †¢Direct interaction †¢Dialogue with feedback †¢Control throughout performance of the task †¢ †¢Indirect interaction †¢Batch processing †¢Intelligent sensors controlling the environment †¢Creating usable systems (5) †¢ â € ¢It aims to achieve 1. Usability (Useful, Usable, Used) 2. Safe 3. Effective 4. Efficient 5. Enjoyable system †¢ †¢ †¢Creating usable systems (6) †¢User compatibility †¢Product compatibility `†¢Task compatibility †¢Work flow compatibility †¢Consistency †¢Familiarity †¢Simplicity †¢Control †¢Creating usable systems (7)†¢HCI focuses on user needs by assessing interface design amp; implementation according to usability criteria. ? †¢Makes use of new, novel techniques amp; technologies. †¢ †¢It applies usability design principles to achieve more productive amp; usable systems and more satisfied users. †¢ †¢Creating usable systems (8) †¢EC Directive 90/270/EEC †¢ †¢Requires employers to ensure the following when designing, selecting, commissioning or modifying software: †¢ †¢suitable for the task †¢easy to use †¢where appropriate, adaptable to user’s kno wledge amp; experiences †¢Creating usable systems (9) †¢provides feedback on performance †¢displays information in a format amp; at a pace that is adapted to the user †¢It must conform to the principles of software ergonomics †¢(Ergonomics is the science that deals with the interaction between people/work/environment/psychology.It considers the functions of the human body in the design of tools, equipment, etc. ) †¢Designers amp; employers can no longer afford to ignore the user!! †¢Question †¦ †¢Have you ever used a system that exhibit good HCI with the users? †¢Give a few examples †¦ †¢What systems have you used that exhibit bad HCI with the users? †¢Name a few †¦ and why do you think they were bad? †¢ †¢Historical basis of HCI (1) †¢Second World War †¦ †¢Study of interaction between humans amp; machines in order to produce more effective weapons (Bletchley Park, Enigma, Colossus) †¢ †¢Ergonomic Research Society formed (1949) †¢ Research in Man-Machine Interaction began to spread †¢ †¢Historical basis of HCI (2) †¢Historical basis of HCI (3) †¢Historical basis of HCI (4) †¢Basic Interaction (1) †¢Graphical Objects †¢1963 (MIT) †¢Graphical Objects manipulated by a pointing device (light pen) †¢Objects could be selected, moved, resized, etc. †¢1966 (Imperial College, London) †¢Icons, Gesture Recognition, Dynamic Menus, etc. †¢1970 (XEROX PARC) †¢Object selection and manipulation †¢WYSIWYG †¢ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Basic Interaction (2) †¢Mouse †¢1965 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) †¢Created to be a cheap replacement for light pens †¢1970 †¢Adopted at Xerox PARC †¢First appeared commercially as part of †¢The Xerox Star (1981), †¢The Apple Lisa (1982), †¢The Apple Macintosh (1984). †¢ †¢ †¢Basic Interaction (3) †¢Windows †¢1968 (Stanford Research Lab [SRI]) †¢1969 1974 (Xerox PARC) †¢Smalltalk System †¢1974 (MIT) †¢EMACS Text Editor †¢1981 (Xerox PARC) †¢The Cedar Window Manager †¢1981 Xerox Star †¢1982 Apple Lisa †¢1983 (Carnegie Mellon University funded by IBM)) †¢Andrew window manager †¢1984 Apple Macintosh †¢ †¢The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. †¢ Applications (1)†¢Drawing programs †¢uses a mouse for graphics (1965) †¢uses a tablet (1971) †¢handling of lines and curves (1975) †¢Text Editing †¢first word processor with automatic word wrap, search amp; replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, amp; commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text (1962) †¢screen editing amp; formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen (1967) †¢mouse-based edi ting (1968) †¢first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974) †¢Applications (2) †¢Spreadsheets †¢initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc (1977-8) for the Apple II †¢HyperText the idea where documents are linked to related documents (1945) †¢Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext (1965) †¢NLS system was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970) †¢HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience†¢Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) †¢Mosaic, the first popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web †¢Eg: Cosmic Book †¢Applications (3) †¢Computer Aided Design (CAD) first CAD systems similar to drawing programs (1963) †¢pioneering work on interactive 3D CAD system (1963) †¢first CAD/CAM (manufacture) system in industry was probably General Motor s DAC-1 (about 1963) †¢ †¢Video Games †¢first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar (1962) †¢the first computer joysticks (1962) †¢early computer adventure game was created (1966) †¢first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). †¢Up ;amp; Coming Areas (1) †¢Gesture Recognition †¢first pen-based input device used light-pen gestures (1963) †¢first trainable gesture recognizer (1964) a gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols (1969) †¢gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s †¢came to universal notice with the Apple Newton (1992)†¢Multi-Media †¢multiple windows with integrated text and graphics (1968) †¢Interactive Graphical Documents project was the first hypermedia system which used raster graphics and text (1979-1983) †¢Diamond project explored combining multimedia (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech) (1982) †¢Up ;amp; Coming Areas (2) â € ¢3-D first system 3-D CAD system (1963) †¢first interactive 3-D system used for molecular modelling (1966) †¢the late 60s and early 70s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics funded by the government †¢the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60s 70s led the way to making 3-D real-time †¢Virtual Reality †¢original work on VR funded by Air Force (1965-1968) †¢study of force feedback, early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove (1971) †¢Up ;amp; Coming Areas (3) †¢Computer Supported Cooperative Work remote participation of multiple people at various sites (1968)†¢Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet (1969) †¢and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC (1973) †¢an early computer conferencing system (1975) †¢Natural language and speech †¢Speech synthesis †¢Speech recognition †¢HCI as a business necessity †¢Can the users be igno red? (Linux, Windows,†¦) †¢NO †¢HCI + Usability engineering are a crucial business necessity †¢Good Interface ;amp; Interaction Design should not †¢Be added after system is built Supporting users is an integral part of the design. To do this one must consider †¦ †¢International Standards in HCI and Ergonomics †¢User population is growing (size, diversity, etc. ) †¢Expanding awareness amongst users of what can be achieved †¢ †¢ †¢Case Study (1) †¢A mechanical syringe was once being developed. An input device had to be created in order to enter the injected dose. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Design such a device †¦ †¢Case Study (2) †¢A prototype was developed by the manufacturing company and demonstrated to the hospital staff.Happily they quickly noticed the potentially fatal flaw in its interface. †¢Case Study (3) †¢The doses were entered by a numeric keypad: an accidental keypress and the dose could be out by a factor of 10! The production version had individual increment/decrement buttons for each digit . †¢Safety-critical systems (1) †¢Poor designs †¢Very common in †¢Safety †¢Life-critical †¢Which all depend on computer-control †¢We need to understand why †¢Disasters †¢Accidents †¢Frustrations †¢happen? †¢Can you mention some examples? Safety-critical systems (2) †¢Computer failure hits post office Lancashire,  UK   Sep 5, 2006 A VILLAGE post office has been struck by a technical glitch, leaving customers unable to pay bills and collect benefits. Edgworth †¢999 Ambulance Computer Failure Putting Lives at Risk International News Service,  Australia   Aug 23, 2006 LIVES are being put at risk because of a crisis with London Ambulance Services computer-controlled 999 system. †¢US Department of Energy sponsors storage research CTR,  CA   20 hours ago The data storage institute will focus its efforts in three areas: collecting field data about computer failure rates and application behaviors, disseminating †¢ †¢Temporary failure hits Houston 911 center abc13. com,  TX   Sep 8, 2006 system. This past July, the Houston Emergency Center experienced a computer failure which knocked out the automated dispatch system. †¢Warning on need for super reserves The Australian,  Australia   Sep 10, 2006 must maintain 4 per cent of assets in liquid form to meet any immediate needs, rising from banking and operational risks, such as computer failure or staff †¢Book on IT debacles urges caution Stuff. co. nz,  New Zealand   Aug 27, 2006 That is the central theme of Dangerous Enthusiasms – E-Government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, a 160-page book just published by †¢Search is on for escaped McMinn inmates Chattanooga Times Free Press,   USA   Sep 8, 2006 A computer failure that left 225 inmates under supervision of just four corrections officers may have contributed to the 4:59 pm | Computers delay Charlotte flights Charlotte Observer,  NC   Sep 6, 2006 two dozen US Airways Express flights going in and out of Charlotte were canceled Wednesday after a thunderstorm in Ohio led to a computer failure that affected †¢ Homes facing night without water BBC News,  UK   Aug 20, 2006 and Powys. The Pant storage tank ran dry after the water firm was not alerted to the problem because of a computer failure. She †¢Safety-critical systems (3)†¢Air-traffic control †¢Aircraft crash due to problems pilot had to interpret information on cockpit display †¢ †¢Manned spacecraft On June 4, 1996, the maiden flight of the European Ariane 5 launcher crashed about 40 seconds after takeoff. Media reports indicated that the amount lost was half a billion dollars. The error came from a piece of the software that was not needed during the crash!! †¢ †¢Safety-critical systems (4) †¢Nuclear power plant (The Meltdown at Three Mile Island 1979) †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"As alarms rang and warning lights flashed, the operators did not realize that the plant was experiencing a loss-of-coolant accident. They took a series of actions that made conditions worse by simply reducing the flow of coolant through the core. †¢Medical Institutions †¢Break down in the scheduling system led to delays in reaching seriously ill patients. (UK) †¢Disaster examples †¢1988 †¢USS Vincennes shot down an Iran Air A300 Airbus with 290 people aboard†¢Aegis weapon system had †¢Sophisticated software to identify potential threats †¢BUT †¢Was unable to provide up-to-date altitude information on its large display (this could be read from other screens) †¢In the confusion, the Airbus which leveled off at 12,500 feet was taken to be an F-14 fighter descending to attack! †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœUser Hostile’ example Poor HCI can lead to User Hostile systems rather than User Friendly ones †¦ †¢ †¢John has a stereo system with a matched set of components made by the same manufacturer: a receiver, a CD player, and a cassette deck, stacked in that order. They all have the on/off button on the left side. Every time John goes to turn off all three components, he presses the top left button on the receiver, which turns it off; then he presses the top left button on the CD player, which turns it off; then, naturally, he presses the top left button on the cassette deck which pops open the cassette door. It’s obvious †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢It seems obvious that the manufacturer could have improved the interface †¢putting all three buttons in the same location †¢ †¢But it clearly wasnt obvious to the systems designers!! †¢ †¢Most actions used to accomplish tasks with an interface are quite obvious to people who know them, including, of course, the software designer. But the actions are often not obvious to the first-time user. †¢Another example †¦ †¢Imagine a first-time user of a computer 1. he has been shown how to login to the system 2. has done some work 3. is now finished with the computer for the day ? Experienced computer users will find it obvious that a logout command is needed. †¢ †¢But it may not occur to first-time users that a special action is required to end the session. †¢People dont log out of typewriters or televisions or video games, so why should they log out of computers? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Learning to predict problems like these by taking the users point of view is a skill that requires practice. †¢Who studies HCI? (1) †¢Multi-discipline field †¦ †¢ †¢Who studies HCI? (2) †¢Conclusion (1) †¢HCI studies †¢ †¢Interaction between users amp; computer systems †¢ †¢In order to build systems which are: Usable †¢Safe †¢Efficient †¢Effective †¢Enjoyable †¢Conclusion (2) †¢Important points to keep in mind †¦ †¢ 1. You need a lot of common sense 2. You must be ready to accept criticism 3. Think ‘user’ 4. Try it out (They know what they want! ) 5. Involve the users 6. Iterate †¢ †¢ †¢Exercise †¢If we take a toaster †¢Describe: †¢the users the machine seems to be designed for; †¢the tasks and subtasks the machine was evidently designed to support; †¢the interface part of the machine; †¢the part of the machine that is NOT the interface. †¢ †¢What about an electric drill

War at EL-Alamein

War at EL-Alamein The Battle of El Alamein, started either between October 23rd or November 5th in 1942. This battle was one of the largest battles involving the western allies in the whole of the war with Germany. El Alamein was part of the chain of battles that saw the British Common wealth forces advancing across the coastal plain and desert hinterland of North Africa from 1940 to 1943. The prize for the Axis (German and Italian forces under the command of the German general, Erwin Rommel) was Egypt and the Suez Canal. The destruction of the Axis forces in the Theatre was the focus of Allied operations. El Alamein was, in effect the closest the Axis came to achieving their goal. Once that battle was over, the Axis forces were in continual retreat until finally destroyed, in Tunisia on 11 May 1943, by the westward advancing 8th Army and the Allied Forces coming east from the Torch Landings.Second Battle of El Alamein, Deployment of Forces ...While perhaps too much has been made of the battle of El A lamein - including such clearly jingoistic assessments that it was the turning point in the war - the battle was very important for a number of reasons. It was the battle that reignited Bernard Montgomery's career, with him eventually rising to the highest rank in the British Army and to command Allied land forces in the D-Day landings. It was an early rehearsal for the type of joint operations that were to become standard allied operating procedures in north west Europe following the D-Day invasion. Furthermore, it was the first large-scale battle fought by a British Army in the desert in which all elements in the Army fought to the same plan and same timetable, as a co-ordinated force. Ironically, in many ways, the battle was more reminiscent of the large...

Critically Analysis Of TOYOTA Motor Europe's Environmental Management Essay

Critically Analysis Of TOYOTA Motor Europe's Environmental Management System and Life Cycle Assessment - Essay Example 176). This ambitious plan was unveiled in order to ensure the success of their business. Unlike other global business, Toyota has effectively cultivated its social relationship through its EMS program. This has contributed to its success and sustainability. The success of its EMS program has been enhanced by its guiding principles, which provide a philosophical management that is geared towards sustainability of their business and giving back to the society. The guiding principles are also in line with the principles of the Rio earth summit, which is concerned, with conservation of forests and water resource. The choice of Toyota for this project was realized through a comparison of EMS programs from other equivalent companies. Toyota Motor Europe: Company Outline Currently Toyota motor corporation (TMC) is the third largest automobile marketer and manufacture in the globe. TMC has well established European manufacturing and marketing units through the Lexus and Toyota brand names. I n addition, TMC Europe has a well-designed structure that facilitates manufacturing and distribution of automobiles and spare parts. Toyota design and development centre (EDD). This organization is tasked with designing of all automobiles under the Toyota and Lexus brands. The organization is also tasked with the responsibility of designing environmental friendly motor vehicles. This is done through its comprehensive research scheme and consultation with various stakeholders. Current researches undertaken by the centre are aimed at establishing fuel-efficient cars and vehicles that can use alternative sources of energy. The centre is responsible for the development of the modern hybrid cars that run on a combination of electric and fuel energy. The unit is concerned with both the body and engine designs. This is done in relation to the European terrain and weather. The Toyota Prius is the latest model from the unit. This automobile has an engine capacity of 1.5 litters and petrol co nsumption on of 5.1 L/ 100 km. In addition, the vehicle has an emission capacity 120 g/km and 71 dB (A)2 carbon dioxide and noise emissions respectively. This has been achieved through the effective body and engine design of the car. Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering (TMME), this organization is concerned with marketing and conducting market research across Europe. In addition, the organization has the responsibility of collecting information from various stakeholders with the prospects of creating sustainable business. The TMME handles marketing of both the Lexus and Toyota brands across Europe on both the wholesale and retail basis. Toyota Logistic Service France (TLSFR), this organization is a subsidiary arm of the TMME, which undertake marketing of automobiles band spare parts across France and other French speaking nations. The organization also handles logistics TMC logistics across Europe. This organization is also responsible for collecting data aimed at improving the sustainability of the company from different stakeholders. TLSFR is also representing TMC in the on going anti global warming campaigns. Toyota Motor Europe Manufacturing (TMEM) is the other organization under Toyota. This organization oversees manufacturing of Toyota vehicles across Europe. The organization also coordinates all manufacturing operations in Europe. To

International Criminal Justice, Foundations of International and Essay

International Criminal Justice, Foundations of International and Comparative Criminal Justice - Essay Example Few would disagree with the statement above in the light of all the efforts made by the International Criminal Justice Organisations today. War crimes are now punishable and international law prevents any heartless dictator or fundamentalist group from depriving innocent people of their honour, life and money. This question requires the discussion of the role of the victims in International Criminal Trials and the discussion of any possible shortcomings in the system in this regard and their possible solutions. Particular attention is paid to the role of child victims in this regard and the possible reforms in the better redressal of their grievances and sufferings. To assess the role of victims it is necessary to define the concept of who a victim actually is. The term is used in many contexts, but it cannot be used in the subjective, abusive way it is often used. For example many terrorists may regard themselves as victims, which is not acceptable within the principles of International Law. For a simple definition we may look towards a dictionary definition of this concept. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary a victim is a "person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an accident.' "an individual, or groups or bodies such as an organisation or social grouping of people, who is harmed or damaged by someone else and whose harm is acknowledged, and who shares the experience and looks for, and receives, help and redress from an agency"(Viano 2000:10). Another definition of "victim" is contained in Article 1 of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, as, "persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power" It can be argued that such definitions should also include the dependants of the direct victims as victims themselves. Thus another definition given by the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law can be said to be adequate in this regard when it classifies victims as , "Persons who individually or collectively suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that constitute gross violations of international human rights law, or serious violations of international humanitarian law. Where appropriate, and in accordance with domestic law, the term "victim" also includes the immediate family or dependants of the

The Olympics: Ethical Issues

The Olympics: Ethical Issues Olympics is considered as one of the biggest international events in the history of sports. It stages athletes from countries all over the world. It is held every four years and the complete event would last for more than two and a half weeks. It is considered as one of most popular sporting event in the world, with over a thousand sportsmen taking part in more than twenty sporting events. The audience wide worlds which are viewing the Olympics are over a billion. The Olympics was started nearly 3000 years ago in Greece, this was done to honor the greek gods, athletes would train over a period of time to compete against other athletes to compete in Olympia where the winners are rewarded with a crown of olive eyes, which would bring fame, victory and respect. New events were introduced as time passed, and a huge range of sporting events came into place which encouraged more people to take part in the events. Despite earlier struggles, the Olympic Games have developed into one of the w orlds most recognizable global brands, and a key event on the international sporting and events calendar, anticipated by athletes, sport enthusiasts and coach potatoes alike ( Amis and Cornwell , 2005) Olympics is hosted once in every four years and its hosted by a specific city , not a country . Olympics are divided into special Olympics like Winter Olympics, Paralympics and the special Olympics , which are specifically designed for people with disabilities. The city in which the Olympics is hosted , it would have various sites in and around the city where different sporting events would be taking place, it also has to provide an Olympic Village where the competitors and their coaches would be living . Every country has its own Olympic organization which has the responsibility for looking after its team. Olympics which is seen as the biggest event with tremendous amount of time spent in planning and designing and the implementation. Attributes most closely associated with the Olympic image are positive, aspirational and emotional; such as being the best, trustworthy, inspirational, peaceful, honorable, participation and striving (International Olympic Committee 2001, p. 9). One of the important powerful symbols for the Olympics is the Olympic torch, representing freedom, a lack of cultural barriers and harmony Olympic Marketing Marketing is one of the most powerful tool used in Olympics with the help of corporate sponsorship. Corporate sponsorship have been divided into various categories like the official sponsor, official license and the the official license which are given to sponsors who invest in this mega event for a month. The income which they earned was over 215 Million US dollars. Huge corporate sponsorship was seen during the event in 198 when the games where held in Los Angeles, that when Olympics was recognized as a competition which earned a multi million pound and everyone wanted to be a part of the event DRUG USE ETHICAL ISSUES IN OLYMPICS The use of drug to enhance the performance in sports has been from long hisrory . In the greek society , the role of sports have prominent from 400 BC. Victory in ancient Olympics gave the winners lot of fame , money , house, exemptions from tax and army service. From those people have been taking enhancing drugs in form of plant extracts and mushroom , it was one of the major reason why dissolution of ancient Olympics happened. In roman empire chariot racers fed their horses with enhancing drugs so that they could run faster and gladiators were doping to make the entertainment vigorous and bloody for the paying audience. it is relevant to note a recent initiative to better link sports management and ethical sustainable development. Industry bodies are encouraged to take up ethically considered action that will strengthen the field and enhance the use of sport for education and economic development purposes whilst safeguarding future generations from the identified threats existing in the sports environment ( T. Eleni,pp. 48 ) Self regulating and incitemen mechanisms for athletes sponsors and the media must be established inorder o fight the lethal dangers in sports permitting sports to remain safe for those who practice it, for society in general and to serve harmonious human development everywhere , as the preample to the Olympic charter states ( T. Eleni, pp. 48) It has become more important to keep the notion of the sport which is supported by the slogan as safe . In broader term which mean sports which is sustainable, which is addiction free, fair and ethical. It should be sustainable by which sports should not lead to construction of facilities which are inappropriate or organizing events which are gigantic which on the contrary helps the sports to create development which is balanced. Sports should be addiction free by which it avoids the use of all of enhancing drugs but instead promoting sports which in turn contributes towards better health. Sports should be fair by not allowing it to be turning into physical or moral violence, but making it more effective as an educational tool which is incomparable, and Ethics in sports should contribute towards sound and effective economy, by not allowing it to become corrupted or criminal in nature. By promoting, managing and financing a SAFE sport managers and planners can contribute to a harmonious human development everywhere and meet the needs of the present sportsmen/women, athletes and fans without further harming sport or compromising the ability of future generations to enjoy sport at its best ( T. Eleni, pp. 49).The call for a social responsibility is a must, it ranges from responsibilities which is contractual, for stakeholders development and considerations of economic, ethical and legal have to be made. It is done for effective relationship between employees , customers, community, competitors, government and investors who have interest in the particular event or company. The use of drugs in sport has been widely reported by the media in recent years to the extent that many people consider it to be a modern day phenomenon. There is evidence , however , of a long history of the use of drugs in sport to enhance performance that can be tracked to Greek times ( Cahmore, 1996) Political Scandals Surrounding the Olympics As the Olympic Games were increasingly become popular, the games have become a tool of political nature. Most of the countries use special competitors as political ambassadors. One of the objectives in charter of Olympics, the IOC ( International Olympic Committee) is to oppose any abuse of political nature in sports and athletics. Over the years 3 major Olympics have been cancelled during the world wars and due to this in the year 1920 countries like Austria, Hungary, Germany and Turkey were not allowed to participate In the event due to their role in the world war I . Of all the Olympic games which took place, the Berlin Game which took place is 1936 was the most influenced game as the games were awarded to Berlin which was quite evident that Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany would have complete control over the Olympic Games, it was a total display of political strength . However Hitler failed in the proving the theory of superiority of race when he was frustrated over black athletes like Jesse Owens winning four gold medals in different events. The Olympic Games are not new to criticism, controversy and negative connotations, most commonly relating to perceived commercialism and the politicising of the event itself (Roche 2002; Lenskyj 2000) Another example of the Political events linked with the Olympics when a group of terrorists attacked the Israeli headquarters during the Olympics in Munich and killed two people instantly and murdered another 9 during a failed rescue attempt by the German police at the airport. All of these examples show how different countries use Olympics as a venue for making their Political stand DRUG USE A MORE CONTEMPORARY PHENOMENON ( Coakely , 1994) Use of amphetaminine abuse in 1960s which indicates how widespread drug abuse had become , which led the authorities to attempt to eradicate he problem. 1960s the use of widespread drugs was due to the following factors More liberal approach to experimentation of drugs in the society which caused the attitudes of the drug users more socially acceptable Advances in the medical science have made drugs more widely available Since the event being commercialized and with huge increase in the media coverage which has resulted in higher financial rewards for participants which has paved the way for the change in the attitude among the athletes to attain victory through drug use. Due to this widespread use of drugs in the modern era and the difficulty faced in controlling the use of drugs many people have raised a question as to why the purpose of sports or sporting events itself. The whole emphasis on winning a gold medal in the Olympics has completely lost the real values behind such a great sporting event. The fundamental principle of any sporting event is that it should promote fair play and there should no discrimination between different people . This is one of the highest ideals which they should follow. When the rules are followed, the sporting events become a human activity which is worthwhile , when this activity is just associated with goal for result than the process itself, thats when it is simply corrupted. The ethics of Olympics promotes equality and fair play . Participants who with the complete knowledge of the ethics use drugs then they use it which becomes a ethical and moral issue. Olympic motto which says that taking part is more important than the winning . Many people in sports today considers ethics as integral part in the meaning of sports and they are unhappy about the degrading part about the sport. Professionalization and commercialization of sporting events in last 40 years have seen a gradual drop in the ethics of traditional sports and its replacement by upgraded new ethics which promotes winning by any means and not any more participation. Use of Drugs in sporting event is justified by new sports ethics Sacrifices made by athletes in the name of sport Athletes in order to excel used deviant methods to succeed even if it means that they have to pay a price Accepting any kind of risks which includes use of drugs to reach excellence Athlete accepts no limit to performance when the medical science and technology field has improved to such an extend Sporting events in this modern era are so rewarding that many new athletes follow the new sporting ethics without questioning different risks associated with their health and safety without questions the actions morally. Sporting events have become so entertaining and expectations from the society are so high that expectations from the athletes are over the human performance. Olympic Marketing Marketing is one of the most powerful tool used in Olympics with the help of corporate sponsorship. Corporate sponsorship have been divided into various categories like the official sponsor, official license and the the official license which are given to sponsors who invest in this mega event for a month. The income which they earned was over 215 Million US dollars. Huge corporate sponsorship was seen during the event in 198 when the games where held in Los Angeles, that when Olympics was recognized as a competition which earned a multi million pound and everyone wanted to be a part of the event Corporate Governance:- It is defined as a system by which an organization is controlled and directed even the distribution of rights and responsibilities among participants of the organization . Organizations who stage the sport and events also have the responsibility to ensure that they comply with requirements of legislation which is relevant. Legislation is in place to ensure that people should abide by standards of behavior which is ethical in nature and at the same time sporting events should become aware of the legislation applicable. Ethical concept An overview Ethical approach is a concept which is a key factor in performance of organization, business or event. Ethics in the management is focused on the organizational and moral standards which exist in all situations. Decision making in any organization or event should consider the range and pressures which are of ethical nature. Assessment in an ethical focus will consider different interrelationship of activities, products and services of different ranges, and relationships between different community and environment. Ethical issues which concerns the business sectors and the public level organizations exist at three levels which is individual , macro and corporate level. At the individual level it basically deal with the behavioral pattern and actions pertaining to the certain individual within the organization. In the macro level , it is the role of the business in the international context of the society, in the corporate level , it deals with the corporate social responsibility which studies the ethical effect it has on individual and corporate entities. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MAJOR EVENT: OLYMPICS FAIR PLAY Olympics which is seen as a large event promotes fair play as one of the ethics. it refers to a certain conduct specifically for the individuals involved in the ethics of the game . It can be also defined as benchmark principle or value to be followed during and after an event, match or game. All the organizations involved with the sporting events should ensure that these principles and values are understood clearly by every individual and these values are promoted and understood by all the individuals involved in these sporting events and the consequences they have to face if they do not adhere to these ethics. Consistency is very vital as no individual because of their popularity or position in that particular sport would have an added advantage. Fair play can be promoted through specific codes of conduct, a code which does clearly define the specific practices that captures ethical values of sports. HUMAN RIGHTS Its in a major aspect in sporting events as it is in all the aspects of life that individuals do respect each other and they are aware about the rights they have. The human rights come under one of the ethical considerations as it covers main areas including freedom of thought, liberty, Protection of property and special requirements needed for the hearing procedures and tribunals. By identifying the diversity of those who are planning, competing and attending the event, it would be easier to meet the needs of those who are involved , avoid the legal challenges and ensuring fairness. EQUITY It is fundamental to the participation in the governance, delivery of sport and organization. Equity in sports protects all individuals equally and it basically upholds the social justice so as to ensure everyone is respected and their rights are being protected, it is a critical element in the diversity of sporting events and it is no longer acceptable for people to discriminate people or put down others on basis of difference in the name of religion , sex, ethnicity , culture, disability etc. Major event host have an important responsibility to provide access not only to athletes, but also to spectators, employees, service providers and volunteers . Access refers to aspects of events which are physical example, wheel chair access or signage being placed which is Braille. Creating a suitable environment in which people feel safe and free from any danger makes events accessible . DISABILITY SPORT As human beings , we often come across people of certain age group who are affected with certain illness, health problem or disability which hold them back from doing any activity or restrictions from full participations. As a result of their condition , they should be given special assistance to in order to participate in that particular environment. In major sporting events there are so many way in which assistance can be given to people with disabilities like changes made to buildings design , use of specialist equipment and training given to the members who would be providing them with special assistance. Helpful understanding staff ,volunteers as well as facilities which are modified which will make the event a memorable experience whatever the roles that they hold in these events. ETHINCITY , RACE AND SPORTS Racisim is very sensitive issue, it can be explained as discrimination against an individual in respect to their colour, racial origin ,ethnicity ,ancestry or even place of birth. Racism of any nature is not welcomed in any society and it should not be kept prolonged in any form of sport. The use of positive images in advertising or promoting the event in a specific way or translation of important information will keep away racism and ensure that environment is quite welcoming for different nationalities and communities. STAKEHOLDERS THEORY APPLIED TO OLYMPICS Everyone who comes into contact with the event assesses the event in one or other way. There is a list of people who would assess the success of an event Staff all the people employed for this event and this also applies to people who are sub contractors and other potential staffs. The audiences- who has the made event so lively by providing the active viewership Local Communities- This relates to the staffs employed and people living in the local communities who have showed their esteem support by welcoming a huge crowd for this mega event Sponsors- Major sponsors who has financially helped the event Suppliers suppliers relate to all people who provided material for staging different events at different arenas Media- Whole event coverage has been done by the media and they would assess it in their own way by promoting the event in large scale all over the world. Performance would be calculated according to each of these groups depending on their interests, it is therefore necessary to identify the group who has a genuine interest in the event and all the necessary steps should be taken to see that the stakeholder groups and parties interested in the event are well informed and satisfied with all the services being provided as far as possible. Ethics have played an important role in the Olympics as it has laid down rules covering areas of subjects which has improved the games experience in a total way. Ethical guidelines are a must for such an event which covers a wide area of people from different regions of the world. As the Olympics have progressed over the years several issues affecting different classes of people and country as a whole have been eradicated and methods are devised to curb any area of the event which is ethically degrading the Olympic image. With all this commercialization in place and urge of the new media coverage reaching millions of viewers across the globe, Olympics should emerge as even a cleaner sporting events promoting true sportspeople and enhancing new technologies to curb the use of drugs and blocking the threat of terrorism attacks through further security screening in place. References Amis, J., and T. B. Cornwell. 2005. Global Sport Sponsorship: Berg Publishers. Cashmore, E. ( 1996) Making sense of Sports, London : Routledge Coakley , J . ( 1994) Sports in Society : Issues and Controversies, London : Mosby Theodoraki, E (2007) Olympic event organization, Elsevier International Olympic Committee. 2001. Olympic Marketing 1980 2001. Marketing Matters 19: Roche, M. 2002. The Olympics and Global Citizenship. Citizenship Studies 6 (2): 165-181 REFLECTIONS Business Ethics Business ethics is shared norms of those who run a business , which is controlled by the social, cultural ,religious, philosophical, geographical , political, economic, legal norms . Business ethics change with the changing value system , moulding and recreating to fit the current need of the society. Though business relates to profit and ethics to morality, literally they contradict each other.With the business group gaining lots of money from the market, it needs to follow these ethics , which do have moral component . These ethics are there to please the individual and group morals in the society so as to win the market, otherwise business if only guided by profit motives can prove dangerous to the society so business group have to realise their social responsibility, through this social responsibility the businesscommunity share their profit for the wellbeing of society that is for educating youth, running awareness campaigns on social issues etc . The sense of right and wrong ke ep changing with change in: Time : beliefs and ways of life change with changing time. Modern business is far more different from the past exchange system and had been changing till since then. Place: different countries have different business ethics depending on their local scenario. Political parties: the liberal , socialist, communist ideology of the political party in power would control the business scenario Legal system: Business Ethics which are prescribed right by the state are strictly followed, their violation amounts to punishment. Culture and religion believes : ethics change with change in culture eg Islamic culture believes that doing business for making money is moral prescription whereas Hindu culture believe that one has come with nothing and would go with nothing so profit making is not considered moral rather giving alms and donations are prescribes, whereas in USA Calvinism prescribes working for making money S. Carmichael (1995) states that Business ethics is a wider concept , which not only includes ethics on product development and marketing but ethical issue such as Employee conflict of interest, inappropriate corporate gifts, sexual harassment, Unauthorised payments, affirmative action, employee privacy, environmental issues, employee health screening, conflict between companys ethics, foreign business practice, security of company ethics, workplace safety, advertising content, product safety standards, corporate contribution, shareholders interests, social issues raised by religious organisations, product pricing, executive salaries etc Thus Business ethics are important for the wellbeing of society on the whole and profit companies too. Profit of business ethics is sense of being right, which gives market reputation and confidence of the consumers. Thus better business locally and internationally. REFERENCES S. Carmichael (1995), Business ethics: the new bottom line, Demos, 1995 Sustainability Sustainable development is a development is that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Martin . w. Holdgate, 1996) Business has played a big role in the destruction of the environment and now it has become the responsibility of the business to curb its destructive practices and move towards revival of environment. Sustainability is a big challenge for the business community. Sustainability has social, economic and environmental parameters. That signifies that its a social responsibility that all the resources available on earth are to be preserved for future generations and the economical usage is need of the hour or resources would soon deplete. The processes , material used and the waste produces by the industries can have direct link with environmental stability. The gases released by the industries is increasing the global temperature and thus participating in global warming. Air, water, soil pollution effecting the ecology and disturbing the whole ecosystem. The principles of sustainability include keeping account of the needs of the people specially deprived and poor people, having a long term vision with corporate and government participation, integrated strategy with collective efforts ,keeping in view social, political, economic factors, financial resources should be chalked out in anticipation along with the plan of action, access l to information and putting it to practice, proper monitoring of the strategy, keeping up with the latest information and updating and modifying the sustainability plan according to need, good communication system , initiative should be taken by all countries to have their own action plan instead of working with international pressure, need is of strong commitment of the government and leading corporate groups ,capacity building, local and national integration and meaningful participation at all levels. Problems faced in sustainable development is lack of financial backup, lack of public awareness, limited time and lack of up-to-date technology and infrastructure. The long term environmental health and store of resources for human consumption in future is the ultimate benefit. References:- Martin . w. Holdgate, 1996, From care to action: making a sustainable world, Taylor Francis Conflicted Events Conflict is a universal , conscious phenomenon in human relation. Gillin and Gillin says Conflict is a social process in which individual or group seeks their ends by directly challenging the antagonists by violence or threat of violence, Marx says conflict is a class phenomenon, there is conflict between upper class and economically poor class, where poor are exploited by rich, leading to frustration and finally class solidarity and conflict between these classes Causes: Acording to Darwin Struggle for exsistance and survival of the fittest is the cause of conflict. Frued says clash of interest within groups and societies leads to conflict. Other causes of conflict are individual differences, cultural differences, clash of interests and social change. Effects of conflict: Integrative Effects : It stiffens the morale and promote ingroup solidarity, redefines value system, resolves crisis, leads to new consensus, keeps group alert about members interests Disintegrative effects: conflicts increase bitterness. It leads to destruction and bloodshed, it leads to tension, it disrupts normal channels of cooperation , it diverts members attention from group objectives. Theories of conflict: Marxian theory of conflict talks about the development of economically dominant class, which goes for accumulation of wealth and property by exploiting poor people. This resulted in wide economic gap i.e. polarisation of clases. The dominant class kept accumulating wealth on cost of poor leading to poor becoming still poorer, that is termed as pauperization, poor when work constantly like a machine without proper rewards and he did not get credit and name for the product he produces. This leads frustration. The frustrated deprived group develops common consciousness and they stand against the dominant class and finally revolution occurs, leading to strength in voice of poor. This is the start of the communist society. Functional theory says conflict is universal and is useful for the society. Conflicting values lead to development of new value system, replacing the old one. Thus conflict becomes a basis for change. New believes replace the conflicting old believes and thus keep pace with the changing world. Conflict in event management: Conflict between the government policies and the corporate policies, local conflicts affecting the event, internal conflicts of the firm, conflict on event ownership, conflicts in the crowd due to miscreants and other antisocial elements , the events related to minority group, religion, sensitive social issues etc are more prone to conflict. Supply chain management Supply chain management is defined as asset of three or more companies linked by one or more of the upstream and downsteam flows of products, services, finances, and information from a source to a customer. Or supply chain management is defined as systemic, strategic coordination of traditional business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purpose of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and supply chain as a whole. ( John T.Mentzer,2001) Main Purpose of supply chain management is to give contentment to the customer, to be placed higher in the competition, to be highly efficient via cost leadership. Functions of supply chain management is to implement the plans, upgrade the system of purchasing and keep an account of all purchase , create supply sources, receive supply, facilitate movement of goods to the customers and control the transport and delivery, monitoring the whole supply chain. Benefits of supply chain management is the manufacture can upgrade the product according to the demand of the market. The feedback from the customer, the team work of the company and regular communication at both ends result in better customer services and satisfaction of customer. The skill on the manufacturing end, requirement design , ideas from within the company brings a novel product. Regular contact with the supplier would keep manufacturer informed about the time and mode of availability of raw material, this helps company to plan accordingly saving time and avoiding undue delay in delivery of goods to the customer. Coordination of different parts via supply chain management would result in enhanced efficiency. Strategies of supply chain management: lean, agile and integration strategies. Lean strategy cuts on waste procedures, curbs delays, eases the movement, simplifies procedures, use latest technology, reduces cost and provides services close to the customers location. Lack of flexibility, ow customer satisfaction and inability to stand market competition are possible limitations. Agile strategy on the other hand brings complete customer satisfaction with adjustability and flexibility in response to market demands, its stands high in the competition, communication between the customer, supplier and the competitors is maintained. Scope: supply chain management has functional scope and organisational scope as well. The functional scope is the wide range of traditional business and the relationship with the other companies working in coordination with the firm denotes organisational scope. Thus supply chain management is significant to bridge the gap between supplier and manufacturer, manufacturer and customer and manufacturer and changing market demands. It enhances customer satisfaction and help producing up-to-date products. Reference:  · John T.Mentzer, ( 2001) Supply chain management,second edition, Sage publications, India Ltd  · Sunil chopra, P. meindl,(2000) Supply chain management strategy, planning and operations, third edition. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Environmental change with global warming is an issue of international concern. Rising levels of gases like carbon dioxide of temperature leading to melting of ice, resulting in increase in water level in the oceans, affecting climate zones all over the world. Change in climate zone would lead to extinctio